Handbook of MRI Technique

Catherine Westbrook is a former Senior Lecturer in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Faculty of Medical Science, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK, and is a founder and co-director of the MRI Education Company.

• Contributors ixPreface xiAcknowledgements xiiiAbout the Companion Website xvChapter 1 How to Use This Book 1 Introduction 1Common indications 2Basic anatomy 2Equipment 2Patient positioning 5Slice prescription 6Suggested protocol 6Protocol optimization 6Patient considerations 6Contrast usage 6Summary 7Terms and abbreviations used in Part 2 7Conclusion 17Part 1 Theoretical and Practical Concepts 19Chapter 2 Protocol Parameters and Trade-offs 21Introduction 21Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) 24Contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) 24Spatial resolution 25Scan time 26Decision strategies 27Conclusion 28Chapter 3 Pulse Sequences 29Introduction 29Conventional spin echo (CSE) 29Fast spin echo or turbo spin echo (FSE/TSE) 32Inversion recovery (IR/FSE/TSE-IR) 34Rewound gradient echo 35Balanced GRE 35Spoiled GRE 36Reverse echo GRE 37Echo planar imaging (EPI) 38Conclusion 42Chapter 4 Flow Phenomena and Artefacts 44Flow phenomena 44Introduction 44Time of flight (TOF) 45Entry slice phenomenon 46Intra-voxel dephasing 46Flow artefact remedies 46Artefacts 48Introduction 48Phase mismapping 48Aliasing 48Chemical shift 49Out-of-phase signal cancellation 49Truncation 49Magnetic susceptibility 49Magic angle 50Conclusion 51Chapter 5 Gating and Respiratory Compensation Techniques 53Introduction 53Cardiac gating (ECG/EKG gating) 53Peripheral gating (Pe gating) 58Ciné imaging 59Imaging planes 60Respiratory Compensation (RC) 60Conclusion 61Chapter 6 Patient Care and Safety 62Introduction 62Patient screening 62Safety zones 63Safety concerns during the examination 64Patient counselling 65Patient immobilization 67Patient after-care 67Conclusion 67Chapter 7 Contrast Agents 68Introduction 68Gd-based positive contrast agents 68Negative contrast agents 70Patient considerations 70Conclusion 70Part 2 Examination Areas 71Chapter 8 Head and Neck 73Brain 73Temporal lobes 86Internal auditory meatus and posterior fossa 92Pituitary fossa 97Orbits 102Paranasal sinuses 109Pharynx 113Larynx 119Thyroid and parathyroid glands 124Salivary glands 129Temporomandibular joints 133Vascular imaging 137Head and neck imaging – key points 141Chapter 9 Spine 142Cervical spine 142Thoracic spine 151Lumbar spine 156Whole spine imaging 162Spine imaging – key points 166Chapter 10 Chest 167Lungs and mediastinum 167Heart and great vessels 175Thymus 186Breast 189Axilla 199Brachial plexus 202Chest imaging – key points 206Chapter 11 Abdomen 207Liver and biliary system 207Kidneys and adrenal glands 215Pancreas 222Bowel 227Vascular imaging 232Abdominal imaging – key points 235Chapter 12 Pelvis 236Prostate 236Rectum and testes 244Uterus and cervix 247Pelvic imaging – key points 251Chapter 13 Upper Limb 252Shoulder 252Humerus 262Elbow 268Forearm 276Wrist and hand 281Upper limb imaging – key points 288Chapter 14 Lower Limb 289Hips 289Femur 298Knee 303Tibia and fibula 311Ankle 316Foot 323Vascular imaging 328Lower limb imaging – key points 334Chapter 15 Paediatric Imaging 335Introduction 335Creating the right environment 335Sedation and anaesthesia 337The MRI examination 345Conclusion 375Paediatric imaging – key points 375Index 376