Global Trends in Job Polarisation and Upgrading

Sergio Torrejón Pérez is an economic and policy analyst at the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission in Spain. Enrique Fernández-Macías is a researcher at the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission in Spain.John Hurley is a senior research manager at EUROFOUND in Dublin, Ireland.

• Part I: Introduction.- 1. Why this study now?.- 2. The debate: context and literature review.- 3. Approach and methods.- Part II: Analytical content.- 4. Employment shifts in Europe from 1997 to 2021: the cases of Ireland, France, Spain, Germany, the Czech Republic, Italy, Sweden and Romania.- 5. Job Polarization in the United States in the 21st Century: Studying Shifts in Employment Structures Using Occupations and Sectors.- 6. Structural Changes in Canadian Employment from 1997 to 2022.- 7. Changes in the employment structure and the debate on occupational polarization in Latin America: the cases of Argentina, Chile and Mexico.- 8. Structural Changes in Brazilian Employment (2002-2021).- 9. Changes in the employment structure in India from 2012 to 2020: a trend towards job upgrading and de-routinization.- 10. Shifts in Composition of Jobs: Upgrading, Downgrading or Polarization? The Case of Russia 2000-2019.- 11. Structural Changes in South Korean Employment (2000–2021).- Part III: Summary and final remarks.- 12. Main patterns of employment change at the global level.- 13. Conclusions.