Although they have yet to be treated together in a comparative study, Hugo von Hofmannsthal and Carl Sternheim had a number of points of convergence in their respective searches for a modern form for the serious comedy. This study documents the collegial relationship between the two authors - in part with previously unpublished archival material -, analyses their respective treatments of Moliere's comedies and places this in the context of Moliere's reception in the German-speaking countries since the 17th century. What emerges is a new view of the comedies of Hofmannsthal and Sternheim, which sees both dramatists applying the same technique of countermodelling Moliere's constellations of comedic figures - a modern critical re-appraisal of the traditional comedic type character.