Carroll Morgan has been an innovator, educator and researcher in computer science for his whole career: first in industry, then as Lecturer and Fellow at the University of Oxford, and finally as Professor at the University of New South Wales. He is best known for his pioneering work in systematic- and correctness-oriented methods of writing computer programs and systems, and especially for his text Programming from Specifications. He is a member of IFIPWorking Groups 1.3, 1.7, 2.1 and 2.3 and received (jointly) the 'Best Cybersecurity Paper of the Year' award from the National Security Agency in 2015.

• Preface; Part I. Everyday Programs: 1. Programs that work; 2. Using invariants to design loops; 3. Finding invariants; 4. Finding variants; 5. Checking assignments and conditionals; 6. Summary of Part I; Part II. Data Structures and Their Encapsulation: 1. Introduction to Part II; 2. Coupling invariants; 3. Case study in coupling invariants: Fibonacci numbers; 4. Encapsulated data-types: how exactly is it done?; 5. Case study: the Mean Calculator; 6. Summary of Part II; Part III. Concurrency — and How to Check It: 1. What is 'concurrency'?; 2. The Owicki–Gries method; 3. Critical sections with Owicki–Gries; 4. Peterson's algorithm for mutual exclusion; 5. Garbage collection on the fly; Part IV. Machine-Assisted Program Checking, and Testing: 1. Machine-assisted program checking; 2. Program testing; Afterword; Appendices; A. Drill exercises; B. Summary of rules for checking programs; C. Data refinement: the real story; D. The 'arithmetic' of conditions; E. Some helpful logical identities; F. Illustration of heap behaviour during garbage collection; G. Python-specific issues; H. Answers to selected drills; I. Answers to selected exercises; Bibliography; Index.

'This accessible and compellingly written book will deepen your understanding of how code works and why it works correctly. It is full of practical insights for both students and experienced programmers, as well as university educators looking for a new - and better - way to teach programming.' Graeme Smith, University of Queensland

Carroll Morgan has been an innovator, educator and researcher in computer science for his whole career: first in industry, then as Lecturer and Fellow at the University of Oxford, and finally as Professor at the University of New South Wales. He is best known for his pioneering work in systematic- and correctness-oriented methods of writing computer programs and systems, and especially for his text Programming from Specifications. He is a member of IFIPWorking Groups 1.3, 1.7, 2.1 and 2.3 and received (jointly) the 'Best Cybersecurity Paper of the Year' award from the National Security Agency in 2015.

• Preface; Part I. Everyday Programs: 1. Programs that work; 2. Using invariants to design loops; 3. Finding invariants; 4. Finding variants; 5. Checking assignments and conditionals; 6. Summary of Part I; Part II. Data Structures and Their Encapsulation: 1. Introduction to Part II; 2. Coupling invariants; 3. Case study in coupling invariants: Fibonacci numbers; 4. Encapsulated data-types: how exactly is it done?; 5. Case study: the Mean Calculator; 6. Summary of Part II; Part III. Concurrency — and How to Check It: 1. What is 'concurrency'?; 2. The Owicki–Gries method; 3. Critical sections with Owicki–Gries; 4. Peterson's algorithm for mutual exclusion; 5. Garbage collection on the fly; Part IV. Machine-Assisted Program Checking, and Testing: 1. Machine-assisted program checking; 2. Program testing; Afterword; Appendices; A. Drill exercises; B. Summary of rules for checking programs; C. Data refinement: the real story; D. The 'arithmetic' of conditions; E. Some helpful logical identities; F. Illustration of heap behaviour during garbage collection; G. Python-specific issues; H. Answers to selected drills; I. Answers to selected exercises; Bibliography; Index.

'This accessible and compellingly written book will deepen your understanding of how code works and why it works correctly. It is full of practical insights for both students and experienced programmers, as well as university educators looking for a new - and better - way to teach programming.' Graeme Smith, University of Queensland

Carroll Morgan has been an innovator, educator and researcher in computer science for his whole career: first in industry, then as Lecturer and Fellow at the University of Oxford, and finally as Professor at the University of New South Wales. He is best known for his pioneering work in systematic- and correctness-oriented methods of writing computer programs and systems, and especially for his text Programming from Specifications. He is a member of IFIPWorking Groups 1.3, 1.7, 2.1 and 2.3 and received (jointly) the 'Best Cybersecurity Paper of the Year' award from the National Security Agency in 2015.

• Preface; Part I. Everyday Programs: 1. Programs that work; 2. Using invariants to design loops; 3. Finding invariants; 4. Finding variants; 5. Checking assignments and conditionals; 6. Summary of Part I; Part II. Data Structures and Their Encapsulation: 1. Introduction to Part II; 2. Coupling invariants; 3. Case study in coupling invariants: Fibonacci numbers; 4. Encapsulated data-types: how exactly is it done?; 5. Case study: the Mean Calculator; 6. Summary of Part II; Part III. Concurrency — and How to Check It: 1. What is 'concurrency'?; 2. The Owicki–Gries method; 3. Critical sections with Owicki–Gries; 4. Peterson's algorithm for mutual exclusion; 5. Garbage collection on the fly; Part IV. Machine-Assisted Program Checking, and Testing: 1. Machine-assisted program checking; 2. Program testing; Afterword; Appendices; A. Drill exercises; B. Summary of rules for checking programs; C. Data refinement: the real story; D. The 'arithmetic' of conditions; E. Some helpful logical identities; F. Illustration of heap behaviour during garbage collection; G. Python-specific issues; H. Answers to selected drills; I. Answers to selected exercises; Bibliography; Index.

'This accessible and compellingly written book will deepen your understanding of how code works and why it works correctly. It is full of practical insights for both students and experienced programmers, as well as university educators looking for a new - and better - way to teach programming.' Graeme Smith, University of Queensland