Exceptional People

Ian Goldin is director of the Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, and professorial fellow at Balliol College, Oxford. He has served as vice president of the World Bank and advisor to President Nelson Mandela, and chief executive of the Development Bank of Southern Africa. His many books include Globalization for Development. Geoffrey Cameron is a research associate at the Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford. He is currently principal researcher with the Baha'i Community of Canada. Meera Balarajan holds a PhD from the University of Cambridge and works for a research organization in the United Kingdom. She has also worked for the United Nations, a UK government department, and a grassroots NGO in India.

• List of Illustrations and Tables ix Acknowledgments xiii Introduction 1 PART I : PAST Chapter 1: Migration from Prehistory to Columbus 11 Early Migration 12 Connecting Humanity 18 Migration and Humanity 37 Chapter 2: Global Migrations: Toward a World Economy 39 The Age of Exploration 40 Imperialism and Coercion 45 Unfree Migrations: Slavery and Indentured Labor 47 Global "Free" Migrations (ca. 1840-1914) 57 Builders of the Modern World 67 Chapter 3: "Managed" Migration in the Twentieth Century (1914-1973) 69 The End of the Liberal Period 70 The Interwar Period: Economic Decline and Regulated Migration 77 Post-WWII Migrations 85 Finding Reasons to Regulate 92 PART II: PRESENT Chapter 4: L eaving Home: Migration Decisions and Processes 97 Micro-Level: Individuals and Families 99 Meso-Level: Networks and Systems 103 Macro-Level: Demographic, Political, and Economic Conditions 109 Individual, Society, and National Influences 120 Chapter 5: I mmigration and Border Control 121 Channels and Flows of Migration 122 Economic Migration 127 Social Migration 140 Refugee Migration 147 Border Control 153 Beyond Border Controls 160 Chapter 6: T he Impacts of Migration 162 Impacts on Receiving Countries 164 Impacts on Sending Countries 178 Impacts on Migrants 193 Impacts on Societies and Migrants 209 PART III : FUTURE Chapter 7: T he Future of Migration 213 The Backdrop of Globalization 215 Supply of Migrants 219 Demand for Migrants 241 Chapter 8: A Global Migration Agenda 259 Thought Experiments 261 A Long-Term Vision of Freer Movement 265 Principles for Global Migration 270 The Need for Global Leadership 281 Notes 287 References 331 Index 359

Winner of the 2011 PROSE Award in Sociology & Social Work, Association of American Publishers One of the Best Books in Politics and Current Affairs, The Economist for 2011 One of Choice's Outstanding Academic Titles for 2012 "This is a book of bold ambitions ably fulfilled. Mr. Goldin and his co-authors offer a history of migration, from man's earliest wanderings in Africa to the present day... After filling in the historical background, the authors give a rigorous but readable guide to the costs and benefits of modern migration."--The Economist "[A]n essential read ... [the authors'] arguments are buttressed by a deep understanding of the past, a comprehensive engagement with the present, and a clear vision of the future."--Sarah Hackett, Times Higher Education "In Exceptional People, the authors carry out an evenhanded assessment of the costs and benefits of international migration. They find that all involved--the countries that receive immigrants, those that send them, and immigrants most of all--prosper when movement across borders is allowed without hindrance. Anti-immigration campaigners who consult Exceptional People will encounter hard-to-refute arguments that favor free movement; advocates of open borders will find in the book the data and reasoning they need to fortify their case."--Karunesh Tuli, ForeWord Reviews "Goldin's conclusion is that western governments should simply accept the inevitable and open their borders, in line with economic demand--albeit within the framework of some pan-national treaty and institution. After all, as he points out, it is odd that there is no global body to oversee the movement of people, as there is with finance and trade. If that liberalization occurred, he thinks it would deliver an 'economic boost as high as $39,000bn over 25 years'. More surprisingly, he also argues that a 'tipping point' will be reached soon, which could shift the political debate. As world population levels stabilize in the next 50 years, a global labor shortage could prompt fierce competition for migrants."--Gillian Tett, Financial Times "Exceptional People is an absorbing study albeit academic. It strongly advocates the need to establish a global migration agenda and clearly shows that the advantages of migration far outweigh the disadvantages: Migration Shaped Our World and Will Define Our Future."--Arab News "Exceptional People is an excellent book. It would make a great addition to readings lists for graduate and advanced undergraduate courses dealing extensively with migration. Its wide scope will provide plenty of ideas for new academic projects, and its conclusions invite reflection and further discussion."--Chris Minns, EH.net "Migratory movements have been a persistent component of the human condition, and motivation for migration has varied considerably over time and with respect to the world's constantly shifting political and economic realities. This excellent book provides a broad history of migration... [R]equired reading for anyone interested in the future implications of this most compelling of human activities."--Choice "Exceptional People is packed with surprising insights... [T]his is a book of bold ambitions ably fulfilled."--Daily Star, Bangladesh "This book deserves to be widely read. Its principal messages that migration has been an integral part of human history and that migration brings real benefits to origin and destination countries, as well as to the migrants themselves, are well taken."--Ronald Skeldon, Journal of Human Development and Capabilities "Exceptional People is a wonderful reference for a wide audience. With its comprehensive review of the scholarly field, clear articulation of the migration debates, constant insights, practical policy suggestions, and rich collections of data (including thirty-seven figures and fourteen tables), the book is a great resource for researchers as well as policy makers. Its chronological structure and elegant writing style, together with many boxed cases illustrating specific groups and events of migration, also make it easy to read and suitable for classroom use."--Lisong Liu, Journal of World History "I found the book very readable and interesting... The third part of the book is particularly insightful and provides an agenda for the free movement of people that can be debated. The book covers a lot of material and would be perfect as an introductory text for undergraduate and graduate courses on migration... [I]t is a refreshing read from ordinary 'doom and gloom' readings. I recommend it wholeheartedly."--James Raymer, Journal of Regional Science "This is a careful and thorough re-examination of migration in modern society which demolishes most of the substantive arguments against greater support for international migration."--Jonathan Dresner, World History Connected "The book by Goldin et al is a stimulating work that takes the reader on a very complete journey along the past, present and future of international migrations... [B]esides offering a very careful and elaborated historical review, its main contribution lies in offering an interdisciplinary analysis of these processes. Very well and clearly written, the book is interesting and captivating for a very wide audience, not just for the scientific community or the experts in migration studies."--Juan Felipe Mejia, European Journal of Development Research "[T]his is a fine book that provides much insight. It is not an economics book and does not claim to be one. But it is a book that many economists, and anyone interested in migration, would do well to read."--Tim Hatton, Economic Record "This study is clearly written and well argued. With a comprehensive index, meticulous notes and a large bibliography, its sources are easily accessible to every reader. Its arguments are controversial and ... deserve thoughtful consideration by anyone involved in the issue, especially legislators and policy makers."--Eleanor L. Turk, Yearbook of German-American Studies "The authors have written the book I had considered undertaking as capstone of my work, but undoubtedly carried out better than I would have on my own... Highly ambitious, the book largely delivers what it promises, a broad theoretically based understanding of the role of migration in shaping the course of human history, without succumbing to the temptation of striving to achieve a general theory of migration."--Aristide R. Zolberg, Ethnic & Racial Studies