Emerging Technologies for Health and Medicine

Dac-Nhuong Le obtained his PhD in computer science from Vietnam National University, Vietnam in 2015. He is Deputy-Head of Faculty of Information Technology, Haiphong University, Vietnam. His area of research includes: evaluation computing and approximate algorithms, network communication, security and vulnerability, network performance analysis and simulation, cloud computing, IoT and image processing in biomedicine. He has authored 4 computer science books and has multiple research articles in international journals. Chung Van Le is the Vice-Director at the Centre of Visualization and Simulation and Lead Software Developer for 3D virtual body system for teaching anatomy and virtual endoscopic techniques for medical students at Duy Tan University in Vietnam. Jolanda G. Tromp is a VR/AR/AI/IoT Human-Computer Interaction expert for user-centered design and evaluation for new technologies, with 20 years' experience as a principal Usability Investigator. She has a PhD in Systematic Usability Design and Evaluation for Collaborative Virtual Environments, 2001, University of Nottingham, United Kingdom and a BSc in Psychology (with honors) from the University of Amsterdam, Holland. She is a research consultant for the Center of Visualization and Simulation and the Duy Tan University, Vietnam; for the Mixed Reality Task Group of the State University of New York; and for the Global Simulations Working Group. Nguyen Gia Nhu, received his PhD degree in computer science from Ha Noi University of Science, Vietnam National University, Vietnam. He is now the Vice Dean of Graduate School at Duy Tan University. He has more than 40 publications in reputed international conferences, journals and book chapter contributions. His research interests include algorithm theory, network optimization and wireless security.

• List of Figures xiiiList of Tables xixForeword xxiPreface xxiiiAcknowledgments xxixAcronyms xxxiPart I Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality Technologies and Applications for Health and Medicine1 Reviews of the Implications of VR/AR Health Care Applications 3Muhammad Sharif, Ghulam Jillani Ansari, Mussarat Yasmin, Steven Lawrence Fernandes1.1 Introduction 41.2 Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality 51.2.1 Virtual Realty 51.2.2 Augmented Reality or Mixed Reality 61.2.3 Line of Difference between VR/AR 61.2.4 Formats and Design Elements of VR/AR Technology 71.2.5 Presence, Reality and Realism 81.3 Features of VR/AR Technology in Health Care 91.3.1 Implications of VR/AR Technology in Health Care Services and Applications 91.3.2 Health Care Services 91.3.3 Health Care Applications 111.4 Future Assessments in VR/AR Technology 141.5 Key Challenges for Adopting VR/AR Technology 141.6 Conclusion 15References 152 Using 3D Simulation in Medical Education: A Comparative Test of Teaching Anatomy using VR 21Chung Van Le, J.G. Tromp, Vikram Puri2.1 Introduction 222.2 Literature Review of Training with Medical VR 232.3 Methodology of this Study 242.4 Results 262.5 Discussion 29References 303 Building Empathy in Young Children using Augmented Reality: A Case Study in Malaysia 35N.Zamin, F.A.Khairuddin, D.R.A.Rambli, E.N.M.Ibrahim, M.S.A.Soobni3.1 Introduction 363.2 Motivations 363.3 Literature Review 363.4 Proposed Approach 383.5 Results and Discussions 383.6 Conclusions 41References 414 Effectiveness of Virtual Reality Mock Interview Training 43J. Garcia, J. Tromp, H. Seaton4.1 Introduction 444.2 Virtual Reality Training Literature Review 444.3 Methodology 454.3.1 Participants 454.3.2 Materials 464.3.3 Procedure 474.4 Results 474.5 Disscussion 484.6 Conclusions 49References 505 Augmenting Dental Care: A Current Perspective 51Anand Nayyar, Gia Nhu Nguyen5.1 Introduction 525.1.1 Origin of Augmented Reality 525.1.2 History of Augmented Reality 535.2 Augmented Reality Technology in Medical Technology 535.3 Existing Technologies in Medical/Healthcare Technology 555.4 Augmenting Dental Care-AR Technologies assisting Dentists for Dental Care 555.4.1 Augmented Reality Technologies in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 565.4.2 Augmented Reality Technologies in Dental Implant Surgery 585.4.3 Augmented Reality Technologies in Orthognathic Surgery 595.4.4 Augmented Reality Apps in Dental Applications 615.5 Augmented Reality in Dental Education 615.6 Augmented Reality based Education Technologies for Dentistry 625.6.1 DentSim 625.6.2 The Virtual Dental Patient: System for Virtual Teeth Drilling 635.6.3 Mobile AR Systems for Dental Morphology Learning 645.6.4 Periosim 645.7 Conclusion 65References 656 Review of Virtual Reality Evaluation Methods and Psychophysiological Measurement Tools 69M.A. Munoz, J.G. Tromp, Cai Zhushun6.1 Science Can Help Inform Virtual Reality Development 706.1.1 Objectives of Evaluations 716.1.2 Test Oft en and Test Early 736.1.3 Testing Options in the Early Pre-Prototype Phase 776.2 Virtual Reality Can Help Inform Psychology and Science 786.3 Types of Psychophysiological Measures and Tools 796.3.1 Electrodermal Activity 796.3.2 Cardiovascular activity 796.3.3 Muscular Activity: Facial Expressions 806.3.4 Electrical brain activity: Electroencephalography 816.4 Outcome of the Evaluation 826.5 Conclusions 83References 83Part II Artificial Intelligence Technologies and Applications for Health and Medicine7 AI Technologies for Mobile Health of Stroke Monitoring & Rehabilitation Robotics Control 89B.M. Elbagoury, M.B.H.B. Shalhoub, M.I. Roushdy, Thomas Schrader7.1 Introduction 907.2 Research Chapter Objectives 927.3 Literature Review 927.3.1 Pervasive Computing and Mobile Health Technologies 927.3.2 Rehabilitation Robotics for Stroke Patients 937.4 Description of the Research Telemedicine Platform 947.4.1 A State of the Art Telemedicine Robot Rehabilitation System 947.4.2 Wireless telemedicine module with robot 967.4.3 Wireless intelligence sensor network extract user’s biofeedback signal 967.5 A proposed intelligent adaptive behavior control to rehabilitation robotics 967.6 Materials and Methods 987.7 Conclusion Summary: Artificial Intelligence Technologies 98References 1008 Artificial Intelligence for Smart Cancer Diagnosis 103M.H.B. Shalhoub, Naif M. Hassan Bin Shalhoub, Bassant M. Elbagoury, Abdel-Badeeh M. Salem8.1 Introduction 1048.2 Background and Related work 1058.2.1 De-noising methods 1058.2.2 Image Segmentation Overview 1068.3 Proposed System Architecture 1078.4 Telemedicine System Modules 1098.4.1 Image Compression 1098.4.2 Image Enhancement and Region of Interest Segmentation 1108.5 Results and discussion 1138.6 Conclusion and Future Work 114References 1149 Mobile Doctor Brain AI App: Artificial Intelligence for IoT Healthcare 117Bassant M.Elbagoury, Ahmed A.Bakr, Mohamed Roushdy, Th omas Schrader9.1 Introduction 1189.2 State of the Art 1189.2.1 Mobile Doctor AI App for Stroke Emergency in Haij Crowd 1189.2.2 Proposed Architecture 1199.3 Proposed System Design 1209.3.1 AI Telemedicine Platform and Proposed System Architecture 1209.3.2 Wireless intelligence sensor network extract user’s biofeedback signal 1219.4 Proposed Artificial Intelligence Techniques for New AI IoT Health-Care Solutions for Stroke Monitoring 1229.4.1 Support vector machine (SVM) 1229.4.2 Case-based Reasoning 1259.4.3 Particle Swarm Intelligence and ARX Model for Stroke Motion Estimation and Optimization 1269.5 Conclusion 126References 12610 An Artificial Intelligence Mobile Cloud Computing Tool 129M. Hassan Bin Shalhoub, Mohammed H. Bin Shalhoub, Mariam Marzouq Al-Otaibi, Bassant M. Elbagoury10.1 Introduction 13010.2 Background and State-of-the-Art 13010.3 Development and Proposing a New Intelligent case-based Reasoning Decision Engine for Cacer Diagnosis 13110.4 Experimental Results of the Proposed System 13210.5 Conclusion 133References 13311 Advanced Intelligent Robot Control Interfaces for the VR Simulation 137Gal IonelAlexandru, Vladareanu Luige and Shuang Cang11.1 Introduction 13811.2 Proposed Mechanical Structure 13811.3 Unit 3D Integration 13911.4 Results 14811.5 Conclusion 150Acknowledgments 150References 15012 Analysis of Telemedicine Technologies 153Vikram Puri, Jolanda G Tromp, Noell C.L. Leroy, Chung Le Van, Nhu Gia Nguyen12.1 Introduction 15412.2 Literature Review 15412.3 Architecture of Telemedicine Technologies 15512.4 Enabling Technologies for Telemedicine 15612.4.1 Telehealth for Congestive Heart Failure 15612.4.2 Telemedicine for the Veterans 15712.4.3 Tele-ICU (Intensive Care Unit) 15712.4.4 Helping Patients Adhere to Medication Regimes 15812.4.5 eReferral - reduces consultation time 15812.5 Conclusion 159References 159Part III Robotics Technologies and Applications for Health and Medicine13 Critical Position using Environment Model Applied on Walking Robots 165M. Migdalovici, L. Vladareanu, N. Pop, H. Yu, M. Iliescu, V. Vladareanu, D. Baran, G. Vladeanu13.1 Introduction 16613.2 On the Environment’s Mathematical Model 16613.3 Physical and Mathematical Models of the Walking Robot Leg 16913.4 On Critical Positions of 3D Walking Robots 17113.5 Mathematical model of beam without damping 17313.6 Mathematical Model of Beam with Viscous Damping 17513.7 Conclusion 175References 17614 The Walking Robot Equilibrium Recovery Applied on the NAO Robot 179N. Pop, L. Vladareanu, H.Wang, M. Ungureanu, M. Migdalovici, V. Vladareanu, Y. Feng, M. Lin, E. P. Mastan and I. El Emary14.1 Introduction 18014.2 The Choice of the Model 18014.3 Mathematical Modeling of Twolink Biped Walking Robot 18114.4 Linear Control Design 18214.4.1 Linear Quadratic Regulator 18314.4.2 Numerical Results using MATLAB 18414.5 Results and Discussion 18714.6 Conclusions 188References 18815 Development of a Robotic Teaching Aid for Disabled Children in Malaysia 191N.Zamin, N.I. Arshad, N. Rafiey and A.S. Hashim15.1 Introduction 19215.2 Case Study - Autism 19215.3 Movitations 19215.4 Proposed Approach 19315.5 Results and Discussions 19515.6 Robotic Intervention Enhance Autistic Students’ Engagement, Interaction and Focus 19715.7 Conclusion 200References 20016 Training System Design of Lower Limb Rehabilitation Robot based on Virtual Reality 203H. Wang, M. Lin, Z. Jin, X. Wang, J. Niu, H. Yu, L. Zhang, L. Vladareanu16.1 Introduction 20416.2 Application Device 20416.2.1 Lower Limb Rehabilitation Robot 20416.2.2 Necessary Sensor Element 20516.3 Trajectory Planning and Smooth Motion 20616.3.1 Design of Training Velocity and Acceleration with Linear Path 20616.3.2 Design of Training Velocity and Acceleration with Circle Path 20816.3.3 Design of Training Velocity and Acceleration with Arbitrary Trajectory 20916.3.4 The Analysis of Ambiguous Points 20916.3.5 The Simulation of Training Velocity and Acceleration in the Planning Trajectory 20916.4 Virtual Reality Training System 21216.4.1 Design of Intention Judgment of Patients 21316.4.2 Design of Adapting Training Posture Function 21516.4.3 Interaction Control Strategy 21516.5 Virtual Reality Software Design 21616.5.1 Virtual Scene Build 21616.5.2 Game Function Design 21716.6 Virtual Reality Training Experiment 21916.6.1 Model Synchronization Test 21916.6.2 Feedback Terrains Test 21916.7 Conclusion 220Contributions 220Acknowledgements 220References 220Part IV Internet of Things Technologies and Applications for Health and Medicine17 Automation of Appliances Using Electroencephalography 225Shivam Kolhe, Dhaval Khemani, Chintan Bhatt, and Nilesh Dubey17.1 Introduction 22617.2 Background, History and Future Aspects 22617.3 Brain with its Main Parts and Their Functions 22717.3.1 Central Nervous System 22817.3.2 Peripheral Nervous System 22917.3.3 How are the Brain Signals Generated 23017.3.4 What is Neuron Synapse? 23217.4 Working of BCI 23317.4.1 Types of Waves Generated and Detected by Brain 23417.4.2 How to Perform Electroencephalogram 23617.4.3 How to Take Measurements of the Head 23717.4.4 How are EEG Signals Recorded 23817.4.5 Methods to Display EEG on Screen 23917.4.6 Eye Blink EEG Patterns 24017.5 BCI Classes 24117.5.1 Applications of BCI 24217.5.2 Challenges BCI is facing 24217.6 Conclusion 243References 24318 Designing a Beautiful Life for Indian Blind Peoples: A Smart Stick 245Aatrey Vyas, Dhaval Bhimani, Smit Patel, Hardik Mandora, Chintan Bhatt18.1 Introduction 24618.2 Internet of Things 24618.3 Background 24718.4 Purpose Approach 24818.4.1 Ultrasonic Sensor 24818.4.2 NodeMCU 24918.4.3 Global positioning system (GPS) 24918.4.4 Buzzer 25018.4.5 Flow Diagram 25118.5 Implementation 25118.6 Advantages and Disadvantages 25618.7 Conclusion 257References 25819 Smart Home: Personal Assistant and Baby Monitoring System 259Shivam Kolhe, Sonia Nagpal, Priya Makwana, Chintan Bhatt19.1 Introduction 26019.2 Background 26119.3 Proposed Design and Implementation 26119.3.1 Smart Home Personal Assistant 26219.3.2 Baby Monitoring System 26519.4 Online Energy Meter 26819.5 Sensors used and Their Working 26919.5.1 Temperature Sensor 26919.5.2 Soil Moisture Sensor 27019.5.3 PIR (Passive InfraRed) Sensor 27219.6 Conclusion 283References 284