Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Laboratory Tests and Diagnostic Procedures

Shelly L. Vaden, DVM, PhD, Diplomate ACVIM is a professor of Internal Medicine for the College of Veterinary Medicine at North Carolina State University. Joyce S. Knoll, VMD, PhD, DACVP is an associate professor and Clinical Pathology Laboratory Director for the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University. Francis W. K. Smith, Jr., DVM, Diplomate ACVIM (Internal Medicine & Cardiology) is Vice President, VetMed Consultants in Lexington, Massachusetts, USA; and Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA. Larry P. Tilley, DVM, Diplomate ACVIM (Internal Medicine) is President of VetMed Consultants and Chief Medical Officer of Dr. Tilley & Associates in Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA.

• Preface xviiAcknowledgements xviiiContributors List xixStandard Abbreviations xxviiGetting the Most out of Your Diagnostic Laboratory xxviiiGeneral Principles for Performing Blood Tests xxxGeneral Principles for Performing Fecal Tests xxxiiGeneral Principles for Performing Urine Tests xxxiiiGeneral Principles of Endoscopy xxxvGeneral Principles of Radiography xxxviiiGeneral Principles of Ultrasonography xiiTopicAbdominal Radiography 2Abdominal Ultrasonography 8Abdominocentesis and Fluid Analysis 11Acetylcholine Receptor Antibody 16Acetylcholinesterase 18ACTH Assay 20ACTH Stimulation Test 22Activated Clotting Time 24Acute Phase Proteins 26Adrenal Ultrasonography 28Alanine Aminotransferase 32Albumin 34Alkaline Phosphatase 36Allergen-Specific Serology 38Alpha-1 Protease Inhibitor 40Ambulatory Electrocardiographic Monitoring 42Ammonia 45Amylase 48Angiography and Angiocardiography 50Anion Gap 54Anticoagulant Proteins 56Anticoagulant Screen 58Antinuclear Antibody 60Aqueocentesis and Vitreocentesis 62Arthrocentesis with Synovial Fluid Analysis 64Arthroscopy 69Aspartate Aminotransferase 72Babesia 74Bacterial Culture and Sensitivity 76Barium-Impregnated Polyethylene Spheres (BIPS) 79Bartonella 82Bence-Jones Proteins 85Bicarbonate 88Bile Acids 91Bilirubin 94Bladder Tumor Analyte 96Bleeding Time 98Blood Gases 101Blood Pressure Determination: Noninvasive and Invasive 104Blood Sample Collection 107Blood Smear Microscopic Examination 109Blood Smear Preparation 112Blood Typing 114Bone Biopsy 117Bone Marrow Aspirate and Biopsy 119Bone Marrow Aspirate Cytology: Microscopic Evaluation 122Bone Scan 126Brain-Stem Auditory Evoked Response 129Brain Ultrasonography 132Bronchoalveolar Lavage 135Bronchoscopy 138Brucellosis Serology 141Buffy Coat Preparations 144Calcitriol 146Calcium 148Cardiac Catheterization 151Carnitine 160Catheter-Assisted Stone Retrieval 164Central Venous Pressure 166Cerebrospinal Fluid Tap 168Chloride 172Cholesterol 174Coagulation Factors 176Cobalamin 179Colonoscopy 182Complete Blood Count 185Computed Tomography 186Conjunctival Scraping and Cytology 188Coombs’ Test 190Cortisol 192Cortisol/Creatinine Ratio 194Creatine Kinase 196Creatinine 198Crossmatch 200Cystocentesis 202Cystometry and Urethral Pressure Measurement 205Cystourethrography 210Cystourethroscopy 214D-Dimer 217Dental Radiography 220Dermatophyte Culture 225Desmopressin Response Test 228Distemper 231Echocardiography 234Ehrlichia/Anaplasma 238Electrocardiography 241Electroencephalography 245Electromyography 248Electroneurography 251Electroretinography 254Epidurography 256Erythropoietin 258Esophagogastroduodenoscopy 260Esophagography 263Estradiol 266Ethylene Glycol 268Excretory Urography 270Fecal Direct Smear and Cytology 273Fecal Elastase 276Fecal Fat 278Fecal Flotation 280Fecal Occult Blood 284Fecal Sedimentation and Baermann Exam 286Feline Coronavirus 288Feline Immunodeficiency Virus 291Feline Leukemia Virus 294Ferritin 297Fibrin Degradation Products 300Fibrinogen 303Fine-Needle Aspiration 306Fluid Analysis 308Fluorescein Dye Test 311Fluoroscopy 314Folate 316Food Trial 318Fructosamine 320Gamma-Glutamyltransferase 322Gastrin 324Gastrointestinal Ultrasonography 326Gastroscopic and Colonoscopic Food-Sensitivity Testing 330Genetic Testing 333Giardia Fecal Antigen 336Gingival Sulcus Measurement 338Globulins 341Glomerular Filtration Rate 344Glucose 347Glucose Curve 350Glycosylated Hemoglobin 353Heartworm Serology 356Heinz Bodies 358Hematocrit 360Hemoglobin 363Hemotrophic Mycoplasmas 366High-Dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test 368Horizontal Beam Radiography 370Immunoglobulin Assays 373Impression Smear 376Insulin and Insulin/Glucose Ratio 378Intradermal Testing 381Iron Level and Total Iron-Binding Capacity 384Knott’s Test 386Lactate 388Laparoscopy 390Lead 394Leptospira 396Lipase 399Liver and Gallbladder Ultrasonography 402Liver Biopsy 407Low-Dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test 412Lower Gastrointestinal Radiographic Contrast Studies 414Lower Urinary Tract Ultrasonography 416Lupus Erythematosus Cell Preparation 419Luteinizing Hormone 422Lyme Disease Serology 424Lymphangiography 427Magnesium 430Magnetic Resonance Imaging 432Masticatory Muscle Myositis (2M Antibody Assay) 436Methemoglobin 438Muscle and Nerve Biopsy 440Myelography 443Nasal Flush and Biopsy 446Nasolacrimal Irrigation 450Natriuretic Peptides 452Ocular Ultrasonography 454Osmolality 457Osmotic Fragility 460Pancreatic Lipase Immunoreactivity 462Pancreatic Ultrasonography 464Parathyroid Hormone 467Parathyroid Hormone–Related Protein 470Partial Thromboplastin Time, Activated 472Pericardiocentesis 475Phosphorus 479PIVKA Test 482Platelet Antibody Detection 484Platelet Count and Volume 486Platelet Function Tests 489Potassium 492Progesterone 495Prostatic Wash 498Protein Electrophoresis 501Prothrombin Time 504Pulmonary Function Tests 506Pulmonary Perfusion Scan 510Pulse Oximetry 514Rectal Scraping and Cytology 516Red Blood Cell Count 518Red Blood Cell Enzyme Activity 520Red Blood Cell Indices 522Red Blood Cell Morphology 525Relaxin 530Renal Biopsy and Aspiration 532Renal Ultrasonography 536Reticulocyte Count 535Rheumatoid Factor 542Rhinoscopy 544Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever 548Schirmer Tear Test 550Semen Analysis 552Semen Collection 555Semen Preservation 558Skeletal Radiography 561Skin Biopsy 564Skin Scraping and Trichogram 566Skin Surface and Otic Cytology 568Skull Radiography 570Sodium 573Somatomedin C 576Splenic Ultrasonography 578T3 Suppression Test 582Taurine 584Testosterone 588Thoracic Radiography 590Thoracic Ultrasonography 596Thoracocentesis and Fluid Analysis 599Thoracoscopy 602Thyroglobulin Autoantibody 606Thyroid and Parathyroid Ultrasonography 608Thyroid-Releasing Hormone Response Test 612Thyroid Scintigraphy 614Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone 618Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Stimulation Test 620Thyroxine (T4), Free 622Thyroxine (T4), Total 624Tissue Biopsy: Needle and Punch 627Tonometry 630Total Protein 634Toxoplasmosis Serology 636Tracheal Wash 639Transsplenic Portal Scintigraphy 642Triglycerides 646Troponins, Cardiac Specific 648Trypsin-like Immunoreactivity 651Ultrasound-Guided Mass or Organ Aspiration 654Upper Gastrointestinal Radiographic Contrast Studies 657Urea Nitrogen 660Urethral Catheterization 662Urinalysis Overview 666Urine Albumin 668Urine Bilirubin 671Urine Fractional Excretion of Electrolytes 674Urine Gamma-Glutamyltransferase/Creatinine Ratio 677Urine Glucose 680Urine Heme Protein 683Urine Ketones 686Urine pH 688Urine Protein 690Urine Protein/Creatinine Ratio 693Urine Sediment 696Urine Specific Gravity 701Urolith Analysis 704Uterine Ultrasonography 707Vaginography 710Voiding Urohydropropulsion 714Von Willebrand Factor 716Water-Deprivation Test, Modified 718White Blood Cell Count and Differential 721White Blood Cells: Basophils 724White Blood Cells: Eosinophils 726White Blood Cells: Lymphocytes 728White Blood Cells: Monocytes 730White Blood Cells: Neutrophils 732Wood’s Lamp Examination 734Zinc 736Appendix 1: Tables of Laboratory Normal Values 739Appendix 2: Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 740Appendix 3: Referral Laboratories 742Index 747

"The strengths of this comprehensive text include its easy use, quick access to current and complete information, understandable diagrams and tables, and good quality images. This is a one-of-a-kind textbook that will be an excellent reference for veterinarians and veterinary medical students seeking comprehensive information about particular diagnostic procedures or laboratory tests." (Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 2011) "This impressive textbook is well worth the cost and will make a valuable addition to any veterinarian's reference library." (Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, March 2010)"This impressive textbook is well worth the cost and will make a valuable addition to any veterinarian's reference library." (Vet Med Today, 15 March 2010)"There are clinical pathology books, diagnostic imaging books, and diagnostic procedure books, but this is the first of its kind. A brief review of topics includes general principles for performing fecal tests, angiography, brain ultrasonography, and cardiac catheterization. The cardiac catheterization chapter includes waveforms and critical values and is a fantastic example of the balance achieved by the authors. The topics are both concise and thorough. Each topic is presented in a standardized format that is easy to scan, making this a valuable book for practitioners, veterinary students, and residents in training." (Doody's Reviews, March 2010)"I recommend this book strongly to every practice." (Veterinary Practice, November 2009)