Anesthesia and the Fetus

Yehuda Ginosar, BSc, MBBS,  Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, IsraelFelicity Reynolds, MD, FRCA, FRCOG, one time St Thomas' Hospital, London, UKStephen Halpern, MD, MSc, University of Toronto , Toronto, CanadaCarl P. Weiner, MD, MBA, FACOG, University of Kansas, School of Medicine, Kansas City, USA

• Contributors, ixPreface, xviAcknowledgments, xviiiSection I: Basic Principles1 Intrauterine growth and development, 3Timothy Moss, Cheryl Albuquerque & Richard Harding2 Maternal physiological adaptations to pregnancy, 19Julie Phillips, MD, Melissa Covington, MD & George Osol, PhD3 Placental respiratory gas exchange, 25Lowell Davis4 The fetal circulation, 32Loren P. Thompson, PhD & Kazumasa Hashimoto, MD5 Fetal responses to hypoxia, 39Tania L. Kasdaglis, MD and Ahmet A. Baschat MD6 Pharmacokinetics in pregnancy, 53Janine R Hutson, MSc, Chagit Klieger-Grossmann MD & Gideon Koren MD, FRCPC, FABMT7 The first few breaths: normal transition from intra- to extra-uterine life, 63Smadar Eventov-Friedman, MD/PhD & Benjamin Bar-Oz, MDSection II: Endpoint Variables: Assessments of Fetal Wellbeing and Neonatal Outcome8 Validity of endpoint measurement, 75Pamela Angle MD MSc, FRCPC, Stephen Halpern MD MSc, FRCPC, Marcos Silva MD & Alex Kiss PhDSection III: Antenatal and Intrapartum Assessment of the Fetus9 Imaging of the fetus and the uteroplacental blood supply: ultrasound, 89Kypros Nicolaides10 Imaging of the fetus and the uteroplacental blood supply: MRI, 97Caroline Wright & Philip Baker11 Fetal heart rate monitoring, 104Alison M. Premo & Sarah J. Kilpatrick12 Fetal acid-base monitoring, 114Lennart Nordström13 Fetal pulse oximetry, 123Paul B Colditz & Christine East14 Neonatal assessment and prediction of neonatal outcome, 129Vadivelam Murthy & Anne GreenoughSection IV: Interventions: anesthesia, analgesia, and their effects on the fetus15 Environmental exposure to anesthetic agents, 141Asher Ornoy, MD16 Anesthesia and analgesia for assisted reproduction techniques and during the first trimester, 147Arvind Palanisamy, MD, FRCA & Lawrence C. Tsen, MD17 The effect of anesthetic drugs on the developing fetus: considerations in non-obstetric surgery, 156Richard S. Gist MD CDR MC USN & Yaakov Beilin MD18 Substance abuse and pregnancy, 165Donald H. Penning MD, MS, FRCP & Allison J. Lee, MD19 Intrauterine fetal procedures for congenital anomalies, 173Amar Nijagal MD, Hanmin Lee MD & Mark Rosen MD20 The EXIT procedure, 183Sheldon M. Stohl, MD, Hindi E. Stohl, MD, Ari Y. Weintraub, MD & Kha M. Tran, MD21 Mechanisms and consequences of anesthetic-induced neuroapoptosis in the developing brain, 192Zhaowei Zhou, Adam P Januszewski, Mervyn Maze & Daqing Ma22 Relevance to clinical anesthesia of anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity in developing animals, 200Catherine E. Creeley, Mervyn Maze & John W. Olney23 External cephalic version, 210Carolyn F. Weiniger MB ChB & Yossef Ezra MDSection V: Anesthesia for Cesarean Delivery24 Effects on the fetus of general versus regional anesthesia, 217Sharon Orbach-Zinger MD and Yehuda Ginosar BSc MBBS25 Anesthesia for cesarean delivery: effects on the fetus of maternal blood pressure control, 235ProfessorWarwick D. Ngan Kee, BHB, MBChB, MD, FANZCA, FHKCA, FHKAM26 Effects on the fetus of maternal oxygen administration, 244Neeti Sadana, MD and Scott Segal, MD, MHCM27 Effects on the fetus of maternal position during cesarean delivery, 251Robin Russell MB BS MD FRCASection VI: Analgesia for labor28 Effects on the fetus of systemic vs. neuraxial analgesia, 263Stephen H. Halpern MD, MSc, FRCPC & Marcos Silva MD29 The effects on the fetus of early versus late regional analgesia, 270Cynthia A. Wong, MD 27030 Regional analgesia, maternal fever, and its effect on the fetus and neonate, 277Tabitha A. Tanqueray, Philip J. Steer & Steve M. Yentis31 Effects on the fetus of major maternal anesthetic complications, 285Felicity Plaat MA MBBS FRCA & Ruth Bedson MBBS FRCASection VII: Confounding Variables: The Compromised Fetus, the Compromised Mother32 Twins and higher order multiple pregnancies: implications for the anesthesiologist, 295Y. Habaz, J. Barrett & E.S. Shinwell33 Preeclampsia: the compromised fetus, the compromised mother, 301Henry L. Galan, MD & Todd R. Lovgren, MD34 Fetal distress, 313Robert A Dyer, FCA (SA), PhD & Leann K Schoeman, FCOG (SA)Section VIII: Trauma and Resuscitation35 Maternal trauma, 325Yuval Meroz MD, Uriel Elchalal, MD & Avraham I Rivkind, MD FACS36 Maternal resuscitation and perimortem cesarean delivery, 333Sharon Einav, MD, Sorina Grisaru-Granovski, MD, PhD & Joseph Varon MD, FACP, FCCP, FCCM37 Fetal resuscitation, 343Stephen Michael Kinsella & Andrew Shennan38 Neonatal resuscitation and immediate neonatal emergencies, 350Ritu Chitkara, MD, Anand K. Rajani, MD & Louis P. Halamek, MDSection IX: Medicine, Ethics, and the Law39 Fetal beneficence and maternal autonomy: ethics and the law, 363William J. Sullivan, QC & M. Joanne Douglas, MD, FRCPC40 Maternal-fetal research in pregnancy, 372Frank A. Chervenak, MD & Laurence B. McCullough, PhDIndex, 379

“The book would be a valuable addition to most obstetric anaesthetic departments as well as informing paediatric anaesthetists, paediatricians and obstetricians of the current controversies regarding anaesthetic influences on foetal development and outcomes.”  (Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Journal, 1 November 2013)“I must commend the editors for their success in bringing together such an enviable international list of expert clinicians from such diverse backgrounds as anaesthesia, obstetric medicine, neonatology and human development in order to share their knowledge. This is definitely a reference book that all anaesthetic department libraries should possess.”  (Anaesthesia, 15 October  2013)“Clearly this book will be ideal for reference in departmental and hospital libraries and I will be recommending this to ours.”  (The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist, 12 July 2013)“I have thoroughly enjoyed reading this book, and I would highly recommend it to every clinician involved in the care of the mother and her unborn child during pregnancy.”  (Acta Paediatrica, 1 August 2013)