Air Dispersion Modeling

ALEX DE VISSCHER, PhD, is the Canada Research Chair in Air Quality and Pollution Control Engineering at the University of Calgary. Dr. De Visscher has published his findings in a wide range of areas, including air quality and waste gas treatment, advanced oxidation, solution chemistry, and greenhouse gas emissions. In addition, he has published a volume of the IUPAC-NIST Solubility Data Series dedicated to alkaline earth carbonates. Among his honors and accolades, Dr. De Visscher is a recipient of the University of Calgary's Killam Emerging Research Leader Award.

• Preface xvList of Symbols xixChapter 1 Introduction 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Types of Air Dispersion Models 41.3 Standard Conditions for Temperature and Pressure 61.4 Concentration Units in the Gas Phase 71.5 Units 91.6 Constants and Approximately Constant Variables 111.7 Frequently Used Greek Symbols 12Problems 12References 12Chapter 2 An Air Dispersion Modeling Primer 142.1 Introduction 142.2 Basic Concepts of Air Dispersion 152.3 Gaussian Dispersion Model 172.4 Plume Rise 302.5 Need for Refinements to the Basic Gaussian Plume Dispersion Model 34Problems 34Materials Online 36References 36Chapter 3 Air Pollutants: An Overview 373.1 Introduction 373.2 Types of Air Pollution 37Problems 51References 52Chapter 4 Regulation of Air Quality and Air Quality Modeling 544.1 Introduction 544.2 Air Quality Regulation 544.3 Air Dispersion Modeling Guidelines 59References 59Chapter 5 Meteorology for Air Dispersion Modelers 605.1 Introduction 605.2 Structure of the Atmosphere 615.3 Altitude Dependence of Barometric Pressure 625.4 Height Dependence of Temperature—Adiabatic Case 655.5 Stability 705.6 Heat Balance 765.7 Wind Speed Profile 815.8 Temperature Profile Revisited: Nonneutral Conditions 935.9 Heat Balance Revisited: Stable Conditions 975.10 Mixing Layer Height 995.11 Concept of Turbulence 1035.12 Special Topics in Meteorology 1195.13 Advanced Topics in Meteorology 1225.14 Summary of Main Equations 134Problems 137Materials Online 138References 139Chapter 6 Gaussian Dispersion Modeling: An In-Depth Study 1416.1 Introduction 1416.2 Gaussian Plume Models 1426.3 Parameterizations Based on Stability Classes 1456.4 Gaussian Plume Dispersion Short Cut 1486.5 Plume Dispersion Modifiers 1506.6 Continuous Parameterization for Gaussian Dispersion Models 1536.7 Gaussian Plume Models for Nonpoint Sources 1726.8 Virtual Source Concept 1746.9 Special Issues 1756.10 Gaussian Puff Modeling 1806.11 Advanced Topics in Meteorology 1876.12 Summary of the Main Equations 193Problems 195Materials Online 197References 197Chapter 7 Plume–Atmosphere Interactions 2017.1 Introduction 2017.2 Plume Rise 2017.3 Plume Downwash: PRIME (Plume RIse Model Enhancements) 2157.4 Behavior of Denser-than-Air Plumes 2257.5 Deposition 2347.6 Summary of the Main Equations 288Problems 291Materials Online 292References 292Chapter 8 Gaussian Model Approaches in Urban or Industrial Terrain 2968.1 Introduction 2968.2 Wind Flow around Obstacles 2978.3 Surface Roughness and Displacement Height in Urban and Industrial Terrain 2988.4 Wind Speed Profiles near the Surface: Deviations from Similarity Theory 3038.5 Turbulence in Urban Terrain 3148.6 Dispersion Calculations in Urban Terrain near the Surface 3178.7 An Example 3208.8 Summary of the Main Equations 324Problems 326Materials Online 327References 327Chapter 9 Stochastic Modeling Approaches 3299.1 Introduction 3299.2 Fundamentals of Stochastic Air Dispersion Modeling 3309.3 Numerical Aspects of Stochastic Modeling 3489.4 Stochastic Lagrangian Calculation Examples 3539.5 Summary of the Main Equations 358Problems 359Materials Online 360References 360Chapter 10 Computational Fluid Dynamics and Meteorological Modeling 36310.1 Introduction 36310.2 CFD Model Formulation: Fundamentals 36410.3 Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) Techniques 37510.4 Large Eddy Simulation (LES) 39410.5 Numerical Methods in CFD 39710.6 Meteorological Modeling 39910.7 Summary of the Main Equations 400References 402Chapter 11 Eulerian Model Approaches 40411.1 Introduction 40411.2 Governing Equations of Eulerian Dispersion Models 40511.3 Closing the Material Balance for Turbulent Motion 41211.4 Atmospheric Chemistry 42211.5 Numerical Aspects of Eulerian Dispersion Modeling 45511.6 Summary of the Main Equations 467Problems 469References 470Chapter 12 Practical Aspects of Air Dispersion Modeling 47412.1 Introduction 47412.2 Source Characterization and Source Modeling 47412.3 Coordinate Systems 47612.4 Data Handling 47812.5 Model Validation 478References 479Chapter 13 ISC3 and SCREEN3: A Detailed Description 48013.1 Introduction 48013.2 ISC3 Model Description 48013.3 SCREEN3 Model Description 489References 490Chapter 14 AERMOD and AERMET: A Detailed Description 49114.1 Introduction 49114.2 Description of AERMET 49214.3 Description of AERMOD 496References 512Chapter 15 CALPUFF and CALMET: A Detailed Description 51415.1 Introduction 51415.2 Description of CALMET 51515.3 Description of CALPUFF 526References 541Chapter 16 CMAQ: A Brief Description 54216.1 Introduction 54216.2 Main Features of CMAQ 54216.3 Advection and Diffusion Modeling in CMAQ 54416.4 Atmospheric Chemistry Modeling in CMAQ 545References 554Appendix A Auxiliary Calculations and Derivations 556Appendix B Auxiliary Da ta and Methods 596Appendix C Theory of Near Surface Turbulence Applied to Wind Speed Profiles, Dry Deposition, Air–Water Exchange, and Canopy Effects 607Index 629